PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
Management
is what a manager does. This statement signifies the functions performed by a manager.
It is the sum of what a manager does in an organization.
According
to Henry
Fayol; “in every organization
manager performs certain basic functions in order to achieve results. These
functions may be broadly classified into four categories. Planning, Organizing,
Leading and Controlling”.
The management thinkers have expressed their
distinct views about the functions performed by managers or management.
In
the modern business organization, all of the above functions are performed
either directly or indirectly. Hence, the following Paragraphs explain the most
common-
functions performed
by a manager.
 |
| CHART - 1 Showing the Planning Process |
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY A MANAGER:-
1. Planning-
It
is related to thinking about future course of action. It is concerned with
preparation of an organization for future uncertain period. It defines objectives,
policies, procedures, and methods, strategies, adopted by the organization to
attain the goals. It is a process, incorporating the many sub-activities such
as setting goals, developing premises, determination of alternative plans and
selecting plan.
There are different types of plans such as
operational, proactive, reactive, formal, informal, functional and corporate
planning. Planning is usually the function performed by top management. The
basic features of planning are a continuous activity pervasive, flexible and a
fundamental activity.
2. Organizing-
The
term organization denotes the men and materials with defined roles and
relations. It is a process or an activity of identifying the work to be
performed, defining authority and responsibility and establishing relationships".
Organization
is a means through which goals are achieved. It facilitates administration,
growth and diversification. Optimum utilization of resources and stimulates
creativity. There are different types of organization such as line, line and
staff, committee etc.
3. Staffing-
Mere
material resources are not sufficient to attain the objectives. The human
element is required to make use of physical resources. The staffing function of
management deals with human resources.
The
term staffing indicates
the recruitment, selection, training, development of the different personnel needed at the various levels of
organization.
It is a scientific process through which
human force is developed in the organization.
A separate department is functioning called Human Resources Department. Its duties are planning the personnel,
welfare,
promotion, Transfer,
wage rate fixation, penalties etc. An organization is called a 'living
organism' due to the human element. A well built organisation by human resources is an asset to every
management.
4. Directing-
The
mere assembly of men and material resources does not perform anything in the
organization. They are to be guided about what, when, who and how aspect of the
work. Directing is showing the way to perform an activity.
Directing
is called management in action. Because, the planning, organizing, staffing are
theoretical part of organization. The motivating factor is directing. Unless
the army commander who is the chief directs the army, the unit remains silent
with all preparations.
The directions
are provided through orders, instructions, guidelines, commands, notice,
circulars to the concerned parties. It leads the people towards the
accomplishment of goals. It is a connecting link between preparatory managerial
functions and its actions.
5. Communicating-
It is an important function performed
by the management. It is basic for interactions. The term communication has
been derived from Latin
word 'communis' which means common. If means sharing of ideas.
It is a
process of passing information from one person to other person
in an organization. In the organization the information may flow upward,
downward, horizontal and diagonal. Usually oral communication is
less preferred than the written.
The
modern management concept of Management
Information System(MIS)
basically depends upon the communication system. The communication brings many
more advantages to organization. The orders and commands are
to be issued by superiors to subordinates and the
doubts and opinions should reach the superiors, both are carried
through the process of communication.
It
integrates all departments of an enterprise. The organization's interpersonal
relations are improved through an effective communication.
6. Co-ordinating-
The
organization is a system of sub-systems. The management creates different sections
and department to smoothen its functioning. But all the subsystems should work
together to attain the objectives. This calls for coordinating function of management.
To
co-ordinate means to establish a proper relationship among the departments and individuals
in the working environment. Neither an individual nor a department alone,
cannot do anything unless it is supported by others.
It
is done through allocation of authority, responsibility, powers to each concerned
person. Co-ordination is improved through the harmonious relationship,
understanding and clear cut definition of scope. A sense of common objectives
is created in the minds of staff.
7. Controlling-
It
is usually understood as the last function of management but not least.
According to EFL Breach Control means "Checking current performance
against predetermined standards contained in the plans with a view to ensuring
adequate progress and satisfactory performance".
It
is a continuous activity undertaken at every step of implementing of plans. It
compares actual performance with standards and deviations are corrected
immediately. It is a forward looking activity with a vision to improve future
performance.
The
control is established through establishment of standards, measurement of performance,
comparison and taking corrective actions.
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