PRE-SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
The period earlier to F.W. Taylor is termed as
pre-scientific management stage. The symptoms of systematised thinking could be
seen with all thinkers of this age. The changing social life. Industrial
relations, economic objectives etc. forced the thinkers to frame their ideas in
a specific form. The following contributions are termed as pre- scientific
thinkers.
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| PRE-SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT STUDIES ACCORDING TO EXPERTS |
1.
1771-1858 Robert Owen -
He is known as the promoter of co-operative
and trade union movement in England. He introduced many social reforms and
worked for the welfare of workers. His experience with textile mills in
Scotland revealed that the performance of workers is influenced by the
environment at workplace. By improving the working conditions, the results can be
improved. The working conditions include basic infrastructures, physical
resources and organisations should invest in it.
Robert Owen is known as the father of modern personnel management. He laid strong foundation for the behavioural approach to management.
2. 1770-1842 Robinson Boulton-
He is known for the application of market research,
forecasting, production, planning, statistical records, cost accounting and
welfare of personnel. This added to the new ways of thinking in the field of
management.
3. 1792-1871 Charles Babbage-
A British Mathematician wrote an essay on "The economy
of Machinery and Manufactures" in 1832 and suggested to use science and
mathematics to the operations of factories. His observations about the use of unscientific
methods made him to think of application of mathematics. He invented a machine
called ‘Differential Engine’ to calculate insurance premium and interest. The
time and motion study was applied to improve machine performance. He laid the foundation
for scientific study of management.
4. 1796-1848 James Watt Jr and Mathew Robinson Boulton-
Both were sons of James Watt the inventor steam engine.
Their involvement in the operation of Solo Engineering Foundry in Britain, made
them to apply the following management techniques such as
- Market research and Forecasting.
- Planned plant layout for easy flow of work
- Production planning.
- Standardization of components and parts
- Calculation of cost and profit.
- Elaborate statistical records.
- Welfare and sickness benefits to workers.
5. 1864-1920 - Max Webber –
The major contribution of German Sociologist to the
management arena is Bureaucratic model. He answered the major questions, why
subordinates accept superiors authority. Based on his analysis, authority has
been classified into charismatic, traditional and bureaucratic. According to
Webber bureaucratic form is the efficient form of organization. Because in
bureaucratic model, the organization is designed to receive flow of authority
from the clearly defined set of rules, procedures and roles.
6. 1884-1924 H.R. Towne –
Being the president of Yaleand town business organisation,
he combined the engineers and economists as industrial managers. The organised
efforts can also be successful in the management workshop.
7. 1871-1954 S. Rowntree –
He emphasized the need of labour welfare schemes in the
improvement of industrial relations. The contributions of Rowntree remained as
the source of inspiration for many research in the management.
A part from the experts, the name of Henry Varnum Poor is also known
for his ideas about systems approach, human factor and leadership in the
management. He identified three important components in management namely
organization, communication and information.
Though these are termed as pre-scientific management thoughts,
the experts opine that every contribution paved way for the organised
systematic thought.
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